Prevalence and Risk Factors of Neck, Shoulder and Back Pain among Students of Elementary Schools in Quetta, Balochistan

Abstract

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are becoming a global health challenge, affecting not only older adults but also adolescents who experience body pain, especially in their back, neck, and shoulders. Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of neck, shoulder, and back pain among students of elementary schools in Quetta, Balochistan. Methodology: This study was cross-sectional, conducted at various schools in Quetta, Balochistan. Sample size was 256, calculated using Epitool, an online calculator that provides a convenient way to determine sample size. Non-probability convenience sampling was used for data collection. The study was completed within two months following the approval of the synopsis by the committee of the University of Balochistan, Quetta. The intended population was school students, male and female students under the age of 19 years, carrying school bags on either one or both shoulders, who were included in the study. Students who were unable to stand properly or use medical aids such as prosthetic devices, who could not respond to the questionnaire due to cognitive impairments, a history of trauma within the past year, as well as those diagnosed with spinal deformities like scoliosis, any genetic/metabolic conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system were excluded. The questionnaire was developed by reviewing multiple published articles and included sections on demographics, ergonomics, pain details, and posture evaluation. Results: Almost all students (95.7%) used backpacks, and most of them carried their bags on one shoulder (weighing about 2-3 kg). The most common pain areas were the shoulders (34.4%) and the neck (32.8%). Around 41.8% said they felt moderate pain 2–3 times a week. A large number of students used their phones for long hours. Posture-related questions showed that many students sat in unhealthy positions, and about 73% believed their sitting posture was causing their pain. Despite these issues, most students (82.4%) never went to a physiotherapist or any treatment, showing a big gap in awareness and care. Conclusion: Study shows that musculoskeletal pain in school students is affected by many factors. These findings highlight that early checking and timely treatment are important so that young people do not develop long-term problems in life.